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Exorcism

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="Exorcism_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Exorcism (disambiguation)">Exorcism (disambiguation)</a>.</div>

Exorcism (from <a href="Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BC%90%CE%BE%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%BA%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw external" title="wikt:ἐξορκισμός">ἐξορκισμός</a> (exorkismós) 'binding by oath') is the religious or spiritual practice of evicting <a href="Demon" title="Demon">demons</a>, <a href="Jinn" title="Jinn">jinns</a>, or other malevolent spiritual entities from a person, or an area, that is believed to be possessed.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> Depending on the spiritual beliefs of the <a href="Exorcist" title="Exorcist">exorcist</a>, this may be done by causing the entity to swear an oath, performing an elaborate <a href="Ritual" title="Ritual">ritual</a>, or simply by commanding it to depart in the name of a higher power. The practice is ancient and part of the belief system of many cultures and religions.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Christianity">Christianity</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="Exorcism_in_Christianity" title="Exorcism in Christianity">Exorcism in Christianity</a> and <a href="Minor_exorcism_in_Christianity" title="Minor exorcism in Christianity">Minor exorcism in Christianity</a></div>

In <a href="Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, exorcism is the practice of casting out or getting rid of <a href="Christian_demonology" title="Christian demonology">demons</a>. In Christian practice, the person performing the exorcism, known as an <a href="Exorcist" title="Exorcist">exorcist</a>, is a member of a <a href="Christian_Church" title="Christian Church">Christian Church</a>, or an individual thought to be <a href="Grace_(Christianity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grace (Christianity)">graced</a> with special powers or skills. The exorcist may use prayers and religious material, such as set formulae, <a href="Gesture" title="Gesture">gestures</a>, <a href="Symbol" title="Symbol">symbols</a>, <a href="Icon" title="Icon">sacred images</a>, <a href="Sacramental" title="Sacramental">sacramentals</a>, etc. The exorcist often invokes <a href="God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a>, <a href="Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> or several different <a href="Angel" title="Angel">angels</a> and <a href="Archangel" title="Archangel">archangels</a> to intervene with the exorcism. Protestant Christian exorcists most commonly believe the authority given to them by the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit (the <a href="Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a>) is the sole source of their ability to cast out demons.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a>

In general, people considered to be possessed are not regarded as evil unto themselves, nor wholly responsible for their actions, because <a href="Spirit_possession" title="Spirit possession">possession</a> is considered to be the unwilling manipulation by a demon resulting in harm to self or others. Therefore, practitioners regard exorcism as more of a cure than a punishment. The mainstream rituals usually take this into account, making sure that there is no violence to the possessed, only that they be tied down if there is potential for violence.<a href="#cite_note-Martin1976-3">[3]</a>: 462

Requested and performed exorcisms began to decline in the United States by the 18th century, and occurred rarely until the latter half of the 20th century when the public saw a sharp rise due to the media attention exorcisms received. There was "a 50% increase in the number of exorcisms performed between the early 1960s and the mid-1970s".<a href="#cite_note-Martin1976-3">[3]</a>: 120

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Catholicism">Catholicism</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Exorcism_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Exorcism in the Catholic Church">Exorcism in the Catholic Church</a></div>

In Catholicism, exorcisms are performed in the name of <a href="Jesus_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus Christ">Jesus Christ</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Catechismof-4">[4]</a> There is a distinction between major exorcisms and minor exorcisms. Minor exorcisms are included in some blessings in which priests create <a href="Sacramental" title="Sacramental">sacramentals</a>, such as <a href="Blessed_salt" title="Blessed salt">blessed salt</a>, and are also found in the ritual <a href="RCIA" class="mw-redirect" title="RCIA">Scrutinies</a> of the <a href="Catechumen" class="mw-redirect" title="Catechumen">catechumens</a>. A related practice is <a href="Deliverance_ministry" title="Deliverance ministry">deliverance ministry</a>. The distinction between deliverance ministry and exorcism is that exorcism is conducted by <a href="Priesthood_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Priesthood in the Catholic Church">priests</a> given special permission from the <a href="Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>, while deliverance ministry is prayer for people who are distressed and wish to heal emotional wounds, including those purportedly caused by evil spirits.<a href="#cite_note-ireland-5">[5]</a>

The Catholic rite for a formal exorcism, called a "Major Exorcism", is given in Section 11 of the <a href="Rituale_Romanum" class="mw-redirect" title="Rituale Romanum">Rituale Romanum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> The Ritual lists guidelines for conducting an exorcism and determining when a formal exorcism is required.<a href="#cite_note-TheRite-8">[8]</a> Priests are instructed to carefully determine that the nature of the condition is not actually a psychological or physical illness before proceeding.<a href="#cite_note-Catechismof-4">[4]</a> The <a href="United_States_Conference_of_Catholic_Bishops" title="United States Conference of Catholic Bishops">United States Conference of Catholic Bishops</a> state on their website: "the actual determination of whether a member of the faithful is genuinely possessed by the devil is made by the Church."<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a>

In Catholic practice, the person performing the exorcism, known as an exorcist, must be an ordained priest. The exorcist recites <a href="Prayer" title="Prayer">prayers</a> according to the <a href="Rubrics" class="mw-redirect" title="Rubrics">rubrics</a> of the rite, and makes use of religious materials such as <a href="Icon" title="Icon">icons</a>, sacramentals (e.g. <a href="Holy_water" title="Holy water">holy water</a>), and <a href="Relic#Christianity" title="Relic">holy relics</a>. The exorcist invokes <a href="God" title="God">God</a>—specifically the <a href="Holy_Name_of_Jesus" title="Holy Name of Jesus">Name of Jesus</a> Christ—as well as the Most Blessed <a href="Mary%2C_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Virgin Mary</a>, <a href="Saint" title="Saint">saints</a> of the <a href="Church_Triumphant" class="mw-redirect" title="Church Triumphant">Church Triumphant</a> and the <a href="Archangel_Michael" class="mw-redirect" title="Archangel Michael">Archangel Michael</a> to intervene with the exorcism. According to Catholic understanding, several weekly exorcisms over many years are sometimes required to expel a deeply entrenched demon.<a href="#cite_note-TheRite-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a>

<a href="Prayer_to_Saint_Michael" title="Prayer to Saint Michael">Saint Michael's Prayer against Satan and the Rebellious Angels</a>, attributed to <a href="Pope_Leo_XIII" title="Pope Leo XIII">Pope Leo XIII</a>, is considered the strongest prayer of the Catholic Church against cases of diabolic possession.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> The <a href="Rosary_based_prayers" class="mw-redirect" title="Rosary based prayers">Holy Rosary</a> also has an exorcistic and <a href="Intercession" title="Intercession">intercessory</a> power.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eastern_Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodoxy</h3></div>

The <a href="Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a> has a rich and complex tradition of exorcism.<a href="#cite_note-Milosevic-13">[13]</a> The practice is traced to biblical accounts of Jesus expelling demons and exhorting his apostles to "cast out devils".<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> The church views demonic possession as the devil's primary means of enslaving humanity and rebelling against God. Orthodox Christians believe objects, as well as individuals, can be possessed.<a href="#cite_note-:2-15">[15]</a>

As in other Christian churches, Orthodox exorcists expel demons by invoking God through the name of Jesus Christ.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> Unlike the <a href="Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a>, all priests of the Orthodox Church are trained and equipped to perform exorcisms, particularly for the sacrament of <a href="Baptism#Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Baptism">baptism</a>. Like their Catholic counterparts, Orthodox priests learn to distinguish demonic possession from mental illness, namely by observing whether the subject reacts negatively to holy relics or places.<a href="#cite_note-:2-15">[15]</a> All Orthodox liturgical books include prayers of exorcism, namely by <a href="Saint_Basil" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Basil">Saint Basil</a> and <a href="John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">Saint John Chrysostom</a>.

<a href="Eastern_Orthodox_theology" title="Eastern Orthodox theology">Orthodox theology</a> takes a uniquely expansive view of exorcism, believing every Christian undertakes exorcism through their struggle against sin and evil: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">

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</style><blockquote class="templatequote">The whole Church, past, present and future, has the task of an exorcist to banish sin, evil, injustice, spiritual death, the devil from the life of humanity ... Both healing and exorcising are ministered through prayers, which spring from faith in God and from love for man ... All the prayers of healing and exorcism, composed by the Fathers of the Church and in use since the third century, begin with the solemn declaration: In Thy Name, O Lord.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></blockquote>Additionally, many Orthodox Christians subscribe to the superstition of <a href="Evil_eye" title="Evil eye">Vaskania</a>, or the "evil eye", in which those harboring intense jealousy and envy towards others can bring harm to them (akin to a curse) and are, in effect, demonically possessed by these <a href="Negative_emotion" class="mw-redirect" title="Negative emotion">negative emotions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Milosevic-13">[13]</a> This belief is most likely rooted in pre-Christian paganism, and although the church rejects the notion that the evil eye can have such power, it does recognize the phenomenon as morally and spiritually undesirable and thus a target for exorcism.<a href="#cite_note-:2-15">[15]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lutheran_Churches">Lutheran Churches</h3></div>

From the 16th century onward, <a href="Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutheran</a> pastoral handbooks describe the primary symptoms of demonic possession to be knowledge of secret things, knowledge of languages one has never learned, and supernatural strength.<a href="#cite_note-Mayes-18">[18]</a> Before conducting a major exorcism, Lutheran liturgical texts state that a physician be consulted in order to rule out any medical or psychiatric illness.<a href="#cite_note-Mayes-18">[18]</a> The rite of exorcism centers chiefly around driving out demons "with prayers and contempt" and includes the <a href="Apostles'_Creed" title="Apostles' Creed">Apostles' Creed</a> and the <a href="Lord's_Prayer" title="Lord's Prayer">Lord's Prayer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Mayes-18">[18]</a>

<a href="Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptismal</a> liturgies in Lutheran Churches include a <a href="Minor_exorcism" class="mw-redirect" title="Minor exorcism">minor exorcism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Wagner2012-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-KolbTrueman2017-20">[20]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</h3></div>

While a very rare practice in the Church, there are two methods for performing an exorcism. The first is by <a href="Anointing" title="Anointing">anointing</a> with consecrated oil and <a href="Laying_on_of_hands" title="Laying on of hands">laying on of hands</a> followed by a blessing on a specific person and commanding the spirit to leave.<a href="#cite_note-:0-21">[21]</a> The second and most common method is done by "raising the hand to the square" and then "commanding the spirit away in the name of Jesus Christ and with the power or authority of the Melchizedek priesthood".<a href="#cite_note-:0-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-22">[22]</a> Exorcisms can only be performed by someone holding the <a href="Melchizedek_priesthood_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Melchizedek priesthood (Latter Day Saints)">Melchizedek priesthood</a>, the higher of the two priesthoods of the Church,<a href="#cite_note-:0-21">[21]</a> and can be performed by anyone holding that priesthood, however they are generally performed by <a href="Bishop_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Bishop (Latter Day Saints)">bishops</a>, <a href="Missionary_(LDS_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Missionary (LDS Church)">missionaries</a>, <a href="Mission_president" title="Mission president">mission presidents</a>, or <a href="Stake_presidencies" class="mw-redirect" title="Stake presidencies">stake presidents</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-21">[21]</a> Exorcisms are not recorded by the Church and therefore the number of exorcisms performed in the religion are unknown.

Demonic possession is rarely talked about in the church. Demonic possession has been talked about twice by <a href="Joseph_Smith" title="Joseph Smith">Joseph Smith</a>, the founder of the faith. The first time refers to his experience during the <a href="First_Vision" title="First Vision">First Vision</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-21">[21]</a> and he recorded the following in his "1831 account of the First Vision":

<blockquote class="templatequote">I kneeled down and began to offer up the desires of my heart to God, I had scarcely done so, when immediately I was seized upon by some power which entirely overcame me and had such astonishing influence over me as to bind my tongue so that I could not speak.

Thick darkness gathered around me and it seemed to me for a time as if I were doomed to sudden destruction. But exerting all my powers to call upon God to deliver me out of the power of this enemy which had seized upon me, and at the very moment when I was ready to sink into despair and abandon myself to destruction, not to an imaginary ruin but to the power of some actual being from the unseen world who had such a marvelous power as I had never before felt in any being, just at this moment of great alarm I saw a pillar of light exactly over my head above the brightness of the sun, which descended gradually until it fell upon me.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a></blockquote>

His second experience comes from a journal entry in which he talks about the time he performed an exorcism on a friend.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-22">[22]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Buddhism">Buddhism</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="Paritta" title="Paritta">Paritta</a> and <a href="%C4%80%E1%B9%AD%C4%81n%C4%81%E1%B9%ADiya_Sutta" title="Āṭānāṭiya Sutta">Āṭānāṭiya Sutta</a></div>

The practice of reciting or listening to the <a href="Paritta" title="Paritta">Paritta</a> began very early in the history of <a href="Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>. It is a Buddhist practice of reciting certain verses and scriptures from <a href="Pali_Canon" title="Pali Canon">Pali Canon</a> in order to ward off misfortune or danger. The belief in the effective spiritual power to heal, or protect, of the <a href="Sacca-kiriy%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacca-kiriyā">Sacca-kiriyā</a>, or asseveration of something quite true is an aspect of the work ascribed to the paritta.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> Several scriptures in the Paritta like <a href="Metta_Sutta" title="Metta Sutta">Metta Sutta</a>, Dhajagga Sutta, or <a href="Ratana_Sutta" title="Ratana Sutta">Ratana Sutta</a> can be recited for exorcism purposes, and <a href="%C4%80%E1%B9%AD%C4%81n%C4%81%E1%B9%ADiya_Sutta" title="Āṭānāṭiya Sutta">Āṭānāṭiya Sutta</a> is regarded as particularly effective.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tibetan_Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Ghosts_in_Tibetan_culture" title="Ghosts in Tibetan culture">Ghosts in Tibetan culture</a></div>

The ritual of the Exorcising-Ghost day is part of Tibetan tradition. The Tibetan religious ceremony 'Gutor' ༼དགུ་གཏོར་༽, literally offering of the 29th, is held on the 29th of the 12th Tibetan month, with its focus on driving out all negativity, including evil spirits and misfortunes of the past year, and starting the new year in a peaceful and auspicious way.

The temples and monasteries throughout Tibet hold grand religious dance ceremonies, with the largest at <a href="Potala_Palace" title="Potala Palace">Potala Palace</a> in <a href="Lhasa" title="Lhasa">Lhasa</a>.

Families clean their houses on this day, decorate the rooms and eat a special noodle soup called '<a href="Guthuk" title="Guthuk">Guthuk</a>'. ༼དགུ་ཐུག་༽

In the evening, the people carry torches, calling out the words of exorcism.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hinduism">Hinduism</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Exorcism_in_Hinduism" title="Exorcism in Hinduism">Exorcism in Hinduism</a></div>

In many Hindu traditions, people can be possessed by bhootas, pretas or pisachas, restless and often malignant beings roughly analogous to ghosts,<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> and to a lesser extent, demons.<a href="#cite_note-Iwanek-30">[30]</a>

Of four <a href="Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a>, or holy books, of Hinduism, the <a href="Atharva_Veda" class="mw-redirect" title="Atharva Veda">Atharva Veda</a> is most focused on knowledge such as exorcism,<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> magic, and alchemy.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> The basic means of exorcism are the <a href="Mantra" title="Mantra">mantra</a> (a sacred utterance of certain <a href="Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phonemes</a> or phrases that is often connected to a particular deity) and the <a href="Yajna" title="Yajna">yajna</a> (a sacrifice, offering, or ritual done before a sacred fire). These are performed in accordance with Vedic traditions as well as the <a href="Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantra</a>, the later esoteric teachings and practices within Hinduism.

Within the dominant Hindu sect of <a href="Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnava</a>, which reveres <a href="Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> as the supreme being, exorcisms are performed by reciting the names of <a href="Narasimha" title="Narasimha">Narasimha</a>, a fierce avatar of Vishnu that seeks to destroy evil and restore <a href="Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a>, or by reading the <a href="Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata Purana</a>, a highly revered text that tells the story of good vanquishing evil. Another resource for exorcisms is the <a href="Garuda_Purana" title="Garuda Purana">Garuda Purana</a>, a vast corpus of literature mostly centered on Vishnu, deals heavily with topics related to death, disease, good versus evil, and spiritual health.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a>

The devotional hymn known as <a href="Hanuman_Chalisa" title="Hanuman Chalisa">Hanuman Chalisa</a> advises conducting exorcisms by praying to Lord <a href="Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a>, the most devoted follower of <a href="Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a>, a major Hindu deity. As according to a chaupai (couplet) (भूत पिशाच निकट नहिं आवै।

महावीर जब नाम सुनावै॥) of this hymn, merely uttering <a href="Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman's</a> name terrifies evil spirits into leaving the possessed. Some Hindu temples, most notably the <a href="Mehandipur_Balaji_Temple" title="Mehandipur Balaji Temple">Mehandipur Balaji Temple</a> in Rajasthan, host exorcism rituals that invoke incarnations of Hanuman.<a href="#cite_note-Iwanek-30">[30]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Islam">Islam</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Exorcism_in_Islam" title="Exorcism in Islam">Exorcism in Islam</a></div>

Terms for exorcism practices include ṭard (or dafʿ) al-shayṭān/al-jinn (expulsion of the demon/the spirit), ʿilāj (treatment), and ibrāʾ al-maṣrūʿ (curing the possessed), but also ruḳya (enchantment or cleansing)<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> is used to exorcise various spirits.<a href="#cite_note-fleet-35">[35]</a>

The Islamic prophet Muhammad taught his followers to read the last three <a href="Sura" class="mw-redirect" title="Sura">suras</a> from the <a href="Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a>, <a href="Surat_al-Ikhlas" class="mw-redirect" title="Surat al-Ikhlas">Surat al-Ikhlas</a> (The Fidelity), <a href="Surat_al-Falaq" class="mw-redirect" title="Surat al-Falaq">Surat al-Falaq</a> (The Dawn) and <a href="Surat_an-Nas" class="mw-redirect" title="Surat an-Nas">Surat an-Nas</a> (Mankind). The permissibility of exorcism, as well as models for its practice, can be traced to <a href="Hadith" title="Hadith">Hadiths</a> reporting Muhammad and <a href="Jesus_in_Islam" title="Jesus in Islam">Jesus</a> performing exorcism rites.<a href="#cite_note-fleet-35">[35]</a>

Islamic exorcisms might consist of the treated person lying down, while a <a href="Sheikh" title="Sheikh">sheikh</a> places a hand on a patient's head and recites verses from the Quran, but this is not mandatory.<a href="#cite_note-AlArabiya-36">[36]</a> The drinking or sprinkling of <a href="Holy_water" title="Holy water">holy water</a> (water from the <a href="Zamzam_Well" title="Zamzam Well">Zamzam Well</a>) may also take place along with applying of clean, non-alcohol-based perfumes, called <a href="Attar" title="Attar">attar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AlArabiya-36">[36]</a> Specific verses from the Quran are recited that glorify God (e.g., <a href="Al-Baqara_255" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Baqara 255">The Throne Verse</a> (<a href="Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: آية الكرسي, <a href="Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: Ayatul Kursi)) and invoke God's help. In some cases, the <a href="Adhan" title="Adhan">adhan</a> (call for daily prayers) is also read, as this has the effect of repelling non-angelic unseen beings or the <a href="Jinn" title="Jinn">jinn</a>.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a>

According to a study by Alean Al-Krenawi and John Graham,

the process of Quranic healing in order to exorcise spirits can be divided into three stages:

<ol><li>Removing any (<a href="Haram" title="Haram">haram</a>) distractions, such as music instruments, amulets (tabiz) and golden jewelry. All pictures in the room that (it is believed) would allow <a href="Angels_in_Islam" title="Angels in Islam">angels</a> to enter are removed. The healer then tells the client and the family that everything happens by God's will and that he is merely a mediator, also mentioning that other forms of healing, such as by sorcery, are not acceptable to Islam.</li>

<li>The healer determines if the client is possessed or not and tries to enter a dialogue with the spirit. The healer might ask the spirit about type (<a href="Z%C4%81r" title="Zār">Zar</a> ("red wind"), Arwah (ghosts), jinn (genii), shayatin (devils), div (demons)), religion, sex or reason for possession. He also asks the client, not the spirit, about dreams and feelings involved in the dream. After that, the healer cleans himself, the room, and asks the people in the room to do the same.</li>

<li>The actual exorcism begins by reciting Quranic verses such as <a href="Al-Fatiha" title="Al-Fatiha">Al-Fatiha</a>, <a href="Al-Baqara" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Baqara">Al-Baqara</a>, <a href="Al-Baqara_255" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Baqara 255">Al-Baqara 255</a>, <a href="Al-Jinn" title="Al-Jinn">Al-Jinn</a> and three Qul (<a href="Al-Ikhlas" title="Al-Ikhlas">Al-Ikhlas</a>, <a href="An-Nas" class="mw-redirect" title="An-Nas">An-Nas</a> and <a href="Al-Falaq" title="Al-Falaq">Al-Falaq</a>), depending on the type of spirit. Other treatments include using honey and water, as a purification ritual to clean the soul and body from sins.<a href="#cite_note-SWaKMH-38">[38]</a></li></ol>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Judaism">Judaism</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Dybbuk" title="Dybbuk">Dybbuk</a></div>

<a href="Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a> reports exorcisms performed by administering poisonous root extracts and others by making sacrifices.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a>

In more recent times, Rabbi Yehuda Fetaya (1859–1942) authored the book Minchat Yahuda, which deals extensively with exorcism, his experience with possessed people, and other subjects of Jewish thought. The book is written in Hebrew and was translated into English.

The Jewish exorcism ritual is performed by a <a href="Rabbi" title="Rabbi">rabbi</a> who has mastered <a href="Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a>. Also present is a <a href="Minyan" title="Minyan">minyan</a> (a group of ten adult males), who gather in a circle around the possessed person. The group recites <a href="Psalm_91" title="Psalm 91">Psalm 91</a> three times, and then the rabbi blows a <a href="Shofar" title="Shofar">shofar</a> (a ram's horn).<a href="#cite_note-ghostvillage.com-40">[40]</a>

The shofar is blown in a certain way, with various notes and tones, in effect to "shatter the body" so that the possessing force will be shaken loose. After it has been shaken loose, the rabbi begins to communicate with it and ask it questions such as why it is possessing the body of the possessed. The minyan may pray for it and perform a ceremony for it in order to enable it to feel safe, and so that it can leave the person's body.<a href="#cite_note-ghostvillage.com-40">[40]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sikhism">Sikhism</h2></div>

<a href="Sikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh">Sikhs</a> do not have a belief in <a href="Demonic_possession" class="mw-redirect" title="Demonic possession">demonic possession</a>. Therefore, exorcism is considered a violation of Sikh Code of Conduct.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taoism_and_Chinese_folk_religion">Taoism and Chinese folk religion</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="History_of_Taoism" title="History of Taoism">History of Taoism</a>, <a href="Chinese_ritual_mastery_traditions" title="Chinese ritual mastery traditions">Chinese ritual mastery traditions</a>, and <a href="Fulu" title="Fulu">Fulu</a></div>

In <a href="Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a>, exorcisms are performed when an individual has been possessed by an evil spirit for one of two reasons: The victim has disturbed a ghost, regardless of intent, and the ghost now seeks revenge, or the victim has been targeted by someone using black magic to conjure a ghost to possess them.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> The <a href="Fashi" class="mw-redirect" title="Fashi">Fashi</a>, who are both Chinese ritual specialists and Taoist priests, are able to conduct particular rituals for exorcism. These rituals will vary between the many sects which are further influenced by the geographic region in which the specific Taoist is from. A Zheng Yi sect Taoist in Beijing may conduct a ritual completely different from a Taoist of the same sect in a southern area such as Hong Kong.

For example, the leaders of these exorcism rituals who are <a href="Tangki" class="mw-redirect" title="Tangki">tangki</a> that invited the divine powers from the <a href="Shen_(Chinese_religion)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shen (Chinese religion)">Deities</a> and conduct a dramatic performance to call out against the demons so the village can once again have peace. The leaders strike themselves with various sharp weapons to show their invincibility to ward off the demons and also to let out their blood. This form of blood is considered to be sacred and powerful, so after the rituals, the blood is blotted with talismans and placed on the door of houses as an act of spiritual protection against evil spirits.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> Such ritual using blood however is more common among folk sects such as LuShan, and does not take place in more orthodox sects such as QuanZhen or Zheng Yi who are more monastic in nature. However, it is possible that folk Taoists in rural areas descended from orthodox sects may be influenced by local folk religions, so it may be seen.

Historically, all Taoist exorcisms include usage of <a href="Fulu" title="Fulu">Fulu</a>, chanting, physical gesture like <a href="Mudra" title="Mudra">mudras</a>, and praying as a way to drive away the spirit is common in all sects.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scientific_view">Scientific view</h2></div>

<a href="Demonic_possession" class="mw-redirect" title="Demonic possession">Demonic possession</a> is not a <a href="Psychiatry" title="Psychiatry">psychiatric</a> or medical diagnosis recognized by either the <a href="DSM-5" title="DSM-5">DSM-5</a> or the <a href="International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD-10</a>. Those who profess a belief in demonic possession have sometimes ascribed to possession the symptoms associated with physical or <a href="Mental_disorder" title="Mental disorder">mental illnesses</a>, such as <a href="Hysteria" title="Hysteria">hysteria</a>, <a href="Mania" title="Mania">mania</a>, <a href="Psychosis" title="Psychosis">psychosis</a>, <a href="Tourette's_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Tourette's syndrome">Tourette's syndrome</a>, <a href="Epilepsy" title="Epilepsy">epilepsy</a>, <a href="Schizophrenia" title="Schizophrenia">schizophrenia</a> or <a href="Dissociative_identity_disorder" title="Dissociative identity disorder">dissociative identity disorder</a>.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a>

Additionally, there is a form of <a href="Monomania" title="Monomania">monomania</a> called demonomania or demonopathy in which the patient believes that they are possessed by one or more demons.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> According to psychological literature, exorcism may work on people experiencing symptoms of possession by way of <a href="Placebo" title="Placebo">placebo</a> effect and the power of <a href="Suggestion" title="Suggestion">suggestion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> Some cases suggest that supposedly possessed persons are actually narcissists or have low self-esteem and act demonically possessed in order to gain attention.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a>

Within the scientific community, the work of psychiatrist <a href="M._Scott_Peck" title="M. Scott Peck">M. Scott Peck</a>, a believer in exorcism, generated significant debate and derision. Much was made of his association with (and admiration for) the controversial <a href="Malachi_Martin" title="Malachi Martin">Malachi Martin</a>, a <a href="Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> exorcist, despite the fact that Peck consistently called Martin a liar and a manipulator.<a href="#cite_note-Woods-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> Other criticisms leveled against Peck included claims that he had transgressed the boundaries of <a href="Professional_ethics" title="Professional ethics">professional ethics</a> by attempting to persuade his patients to accept Christianity.<a href="#cite_note-Woods-55">[55]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exorcism_and_mental_illness">Exorcism and mental illness</h3></div>

One scholar has described <a href="Psychosurgery" title="Psychosurgery">psychosurgery</a> as "Neurosurgical Exorcisms", with <a href="Trepanation" class="mw-redirect" title="Trepanation">trepanation</a> having been widely used to release demons from the brain.<a href="#cite_note-silverman-57">[57]</a> Meanwhile, another scholar has equated <a href="Psychotherapy" title="Psychotherapy">psychotherapy</a> with exorcism.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h4></div>

In the UK, the numbers of exorcisms performed were increasing as of 2017. A <a href="Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> think tank, <a href="Theos_(think_tank)" title="Theos (think tank)">Theos</a>, stated that the exorcisms mostly took place in charismatic and Pentecostal churches, and also among communities of West African origin. Frequently, the people exorcised were people with <a href="Mental_health" title="Mental health">mental health</a> problems, who often stopped taking their medications in response to the exorcism. The report described the exorcism as a "well-meaning initiative with the potential for serious harm" with the risk of constituting "psychological abuse".<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anthropological_view">Anthropological view</h2></div>

Religious figures would have been presented with an individual and base their diagnosis of possession upon their own knowledge, which would be based on religious understandings. The occurrence of a possession, has similar characteristics of someone who is experiencing a mental illness.<a href="#cite_note-doi.apa.org-60">[60]</a> Characteristics such as an abrupt change in behaviour and demeanor, loss of faith, thoughts of being chosen by a demonic power, experiences in seeing and hearing evil entities, and persistent fear in demonic forces.<a href="#cite_note-doi.apa.org-60">[60]</a> These are deemed as unfavorable within religious influence, therefore are treated and diagnosed within religious collectives, as illness.

However, not all possessions were deemed as negative, possessions occurring among the higher classes typically went untreated as they were said to be undertaken by benevolent spirits upholding social order; whereas possessions experienced by the powerless were considered as expressing <a href="Hegemony" title="Hegemony">anti-hegemonic</a> sentiment and needed to be treated immediately.<a href="#cite_note-Sharabi_182–195-61">[61]</a>

This reflects a style of dichotomy that establishes spiritual possession as an illness which is socially mediated, and reflective of the social climate in which it is produced. Exorcisms are performed in response to spiritual possessions which cause distress or are found to be challenging the status quo and/or hegemonic values within the individual; otherwise, possessions are treated as holy communication from deities.<a href="#cite_note-Sharabi_182–195-61">[61]</a> These illnesses/possessions are culturally constructed as either psychological or spiritual.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> Spiritual possession and exorcism come as a pair, representative of social expectations of 'normal' functioning, and can often be engaged as a tool to challenge or maintain religious collective values.

The Catholic Church, for example, enters a relationship with the victims of spiritual possession akin to the Shamanistic Complex.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> The victim also represents what <a href="Nancy_Scheper-Hughes" title="Nancy Scheper-Hughes">Nancy Scheper Hughes</a> would call the 'individual body', that is, the victims' personal belief system as a Christian would assist in the healing process. In the sense that their belief that there is a demon within their body and that through the power of Christ the demon can be removed, creates a diagnosis and cure for this illness. A non-Christian may respond differently to this healing process. A non-Christian most likely would not even seek out religious intervention based on their symptoms, they would believe them to from a different illness, and would not find an exorcism an effective treatment.

The Shamanistic Complex gives a possible explanation as to what makes an exorcism effective or can increase the effectiveness. Exorcism exists within a realm of cultural healing practices, social processes that are informed by social norms.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> This much is true of most other healing practices, inclusive of those focussed on spiritual, psychological, and physical health. As such the systems set out by religious communities, like the Catholic Church, to diagnose and combat spiritual possession as a disease, as only effective as the psychological belief within these aspects.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_exorcisms_and_exorcists_in_history">Notable exorcisms and exorcists in history</h2></div>

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</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle">Esotericism</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding:10px;"></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Key concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<ul><li><a href="Western_esotericism" title="Western esotericism">Western esotericism</a></li>

<li><a href="Eastern_esotericism" title="Eastern esotericism">Eastern esotericism</a></li>

<li><a href="Alchemy" title="Alchemy">Alchemy</a></li>

<li><a href="Astrology" title="Astrology">Astrology</a></li>

<li><a href="Egregore" title="Egregore">Egregore</a></li>

<li><a href="Gnosis" title="Gnosis">Gnosis</a></li>

<li><a href="Hermeticism" title="Hermeticism">Hermeticism</a></li>

<li><a href="Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a></li>

<li><a href="Magic_(supernatural)" title="Magic (supernatural)">Magic</a></li>

<li><a href="Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></li>

<li><a href="Mystical_theology" title="Mystical theology">Mystical theology</a></li>

<li><a href="Mysticism" title="Mysticism">Mysticism</a></li>

<li><a href="Occult" title="Occult">Occult</a></li>

<li><a href="Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantra</a></li>

<li><a href="Thelema" title="Thelema">Thelema</a></li>

<li><a href="Theosophy" title="Theosophy">Theosophy</a></li>

<li><a href="Traditionalism_(perennialism)" title="Traditionalism (perennialism)">Traditionalism</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Rites</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<ul><li><a href="Astral_projection" title="Astral projection">Astral projection</a>

<ul><li><a href="Body_of_light" title="Body of light">Body of light</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Divination" title="Divination">Divination</a></li>

<li><a href="Esoteric_transmission" class="mw-redirect" title="Esoteric transmission">Esoteric transmission</a></li>

<li><a href="Evocation" title="Evocation">Evocation</a></li>

<li><a href="Initiation" title="Initiation">Initiation</a></li>

<li><a href="Invocation" title="Invocation">Invocation</a></li>

<li><a href="Meditation" title="Meditation">Meditation</a></li>

<li><a href="Propitiation" title="Propitiation">Propitiation</a></li>

<li><a href="Rite_of_passage" title="Rite of passage">Rite of passage</a></li>

<li><a href="Ritual_purification" title="Ritual purification">Ritual purification</a></li>

<li><a href="Sacrifice" title="Sacrifice">Sacrifice</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Societies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<li><a href="%C3%89lus_Co%C3%ABns" class="mw-redirect" title="Élus Coëns">Élus Coëns</a></li>

<li><a href="Freemasonry" title="Freemasonry">Freemasonry</a></li>

<li><a href="Hermetic_Order_of_the_Golden_Dawn" title="Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn">Golden Dawn</a></li>

<li><a href="Martinism" title="Martinism">Martinism</a></li>

<li><a href="Ordo_Templi_Orientis" title="Ordo Templi Orientis">Ordo Templi Orientis</a></li>

<li><a href="Rosicrucianism" title="Rosicrucianism">Rosicrucianism</a> </li>

<li><a href="Tariqa" title="Tariqa">Tariqa</a></li>

<li><a href="Typhonian_Order" title="Typhonian Order">Typhonian Order</a></li>

<li><a href="Magical_organization" title="Magical organization">List of magical organizations</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Notable figures</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<ul><li><a href="Ibn_Arabi" title="Ibn Arabi">Ibn Arabi</a></li>

<li><a href="Madame_Blavatsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Madame Blavatsky">Blavatsky</a></li>

<li><a href="Jakob_B%C3%B6hme" title="Jakob Böhme">Böhme</a></li>

<li><a href="Titus_Burckhardt" title="Titus Burckhardt">Burckhardt</a></li>

<li><a href="Aleister_Crowley" title="Aleister Crowley">Crowley</a></li>

<li><a href="Dionysius_the_Areopagite" title="Dionysius the Areopagite">Dionysius</a></li>

<li><a href="Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Evola</a></li>

<li><a href="Antoine_Faivre" title="Antoine Faivre">Faivre</a></li>

<li><a href="Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non" title="René Guénon">Guénon</a></li>

<li><a href="George_Gurdjieff" title="George Gurdjieff">Gurdjieff</a></li>

<li><a href="Hermes_Trismegistus" title="Hermes Trismegistus">Hermes Trismegistus</a></li>

<li><a href="Giuliano_Kremmerz" title="Giuliano Kremmerz">Kremmerz</a></li>

<li><a href="Anton_Lavey" class="mw-redirect" title="Anton Lavey">Lavey</a></li>

<li><a href="Samuel_Liddell_Mathers" class="mw-redirect" title="Samuel Liddell Mathers">Mathers</a></li>

<li><a href="Harry_Oldmeadow" title="Harry Oldmeadow">Oldmeadow</a></li>

<li><a href="G%C3%A9rard_Encausse" title="Gérard Encausse">Papus</a></li>

<li><a href="Paracelsus" title="Paracelsus">Paracelsus</a></li>

<li><a href="Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras">Pythagoras</a></li>

<li><a href="Frithjof_Schuon" title="Frithjof Schuon">Schuon</a></li>

<li><a href="Rudolf_Steiner" title="Rudolf Steiner">Steiner</a></li>

<li><a href="Arthur_Edward_Waite" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur Edward Waite">Waite</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<ul><li><a href="Anthroposophy" title="Anthroposophy">Anthroposophy</a></li>

<li><a href="Esoteric_neo-Nazism" title="Esoteric neo-Nazism">Esoteric Hitlerism</a></li>

<li><a href="Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

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<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Louviers_possessions" title="Louviers possessions">Louviers possessions</a>, <a href="Aix-en-Provence_possessions" title="Aix-en-Provence possessions">Aix-en-Provence possessions</a>, and <a href="Loudun_possessions" title="Loudun possessions">Loudun possessions</a></div>

<ul><li>(1578) <a href="Martha_Brossier" title="Martha Brossier">Martha Brossier</a> was a young woman who was made infamous around the year of 1578 for her feigned demonic possession discovered through exorcism proceedings.<a href="#cite_note-Calmet2021-65">[65]</a>: 132 </li>

<li>(1619) <a href="Trait%C3%A9_sur_les_apparitions_des_esprits_et_sur_les_vampires_ou_les_revenans_de_Hongrie%2C_de_Moravie%2C_%26c.#Demonic_possession" title="Traité sur les apparitions des esprits et sur les vampires ou les revenans de Hongrie, de Moravie, &c.">Mademoiselle Elizabeth de Ranfaing</a>, who having become a widow in 1617 was later sought in marriage by a physician (afterwards burned under judicial sentence for being a practicing <a href="Ceremonial_magic" title="Ceremonial magic">magician</a>). After being rejected, he gave her <a href="Potion" title="Potion">potions</a> to make her love him which occasioned strange developments in her health and proceeded to continuously give her some other forms of medicament. The maladies which she had were incurable by the various physicians that attended her and eventually led to a recourse of exorcisms as prescribed by several physicians that examined her case. They began to exorcise her in September, 1619. During the exorcisms, the demon that possessed her purportedly made detailed and fluid responses in varying languages including French, Greek, Latin, Hebrew and Italian and was able to know and recite the thoughts and sins of various individuals who examined her. She was further also purported to describe in detail with the use of various languages the rites and secrets of the church to experts in the languages she spoke. There was even a mention of how the demon interrupted an exorcist, who after making a mistake in his recital of an exorcism rite in Latin, corrected his speech and mocked him.<a href="#cite_note-Calmet2021-65">[65]</a>: 138–143 </li>

<li>(1778) <a href="George_Lukins" title="George Lukins">George Lukins</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a></li>

<li>(1842–1844) <a href="Johann_Blumhardt" title="Johann Blumhardt">Johann Blumhardt</a> performed the exorcism of Gottliebin Dittus over a two-year period in Möttlingen, Germany, from 1842 to 1844. Pastor Blumhardt's parish subsequently experienced growth marked by confession and healing, which he attributed to the successful exorcism.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a></li>

<li>(1906) <a href="Clara_Germana_Cele" title="Clara Germana Cele">Clara Germana Cele</a> was a South African school girl who claimed to be possessed.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a></li>

<li>(1947) Art expert Armando Ginesi claims <a href="Salvador_Dal%C3%AD" title="Salvador Dalí">Salvador Dalí</a> received an exorcism from Italian <a href="Friar" title="Friar">friar</a> Gabriele Maria Berardi while he was in France. Dalí would have created a sculpture of Christ on the cross that he would have given to the friar in thanks.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a></li>

<li>(1949) A boy identified as <a href="Exorcism_of_Roland_Doe" title="Exorcism of Roland Doe">Robbie Mannheim</a><a href="#cite_note-John_Spencer,_Anne_Spencer-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dr._Mehra_Shrikhande-72">[72]</a> was the subject of an exorcism in 1949, which became the chief inspiration for <a href="The_Exorcist_(novel)" title="The Exorcist (novel)">The Exorcist</a>, a horror novel and film written by <a href="William_Peter_Blatty" title="William Peter Blatty">William Peter Blatty</a>, who heard about the case while he was a student in the class of 1950 at <a href="Georgetown_University" title="Georgetown University">Georgetown University</a>. Robbie was taken into the care of <a href="Luther_Miles_Schulze" class="mw-redirect" title="Luther Miles Schulze">Rev. Luther Miles Schulze</a>, the boy's <a href="Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutheran</a> pastor, after <a href="Psychiatrist" title="Psychiatrist">psychiatric</a> and <a href="Medical_doctor" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical doctor">medical doctors</a> were unable to explain the disturbing events associated with the teen; the minister then referred the boy to <a href="Edward_Hughes_(exorcist)" title="Edward Hughes (exorcist)">Rev. Edward Hughes</a>, who performed the first exorcism on the teen.<a href="#cite_note-Emissary-73">[73]</a> The subsequent exorcism was partially performed in both <a href="Cottage_City%2C_Maryland" title="Cottage City, Maryland">Cottage City, Maryland</a>, and <a href="Bel-Nor%2C_Missouri" title="Bel-Nor, Missouri">Bel-Nor, Missouri</a>,<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> by Father <a href="William_S._Bowdern" title="William S. Bowdern">William S. Bowdern</a>, S.J., Father Raymond Bishop S.J. and a then <a href="Jesuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit">Jesuit</a> scholastic Fr. <a href="Walter_Halloran" title="Walter Halloran">Walter Halloran</a>, S.J.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a></li>

<li>(1974) <a href="Michael_Taylor_(demoniac)" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Taylor (demoniac)">Michael Taylor</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a></li>

<li>(1975) <a href="Anneliese_Michel" title="Anneliese Michel">Anneliese Michel</a> was a Catholic woman from Germany who was said to be possessed by six or more demons and subsequently underwent a secret, ten-month-long voluntary exorcism. Two motion pictures, <a href="The_Exorcism_of_Emily_Rose" title="The Exorcism of Emily Rose">The Exorcism of Emily Rose</a> and <a href="Requiem_(2006_film)" title="Requiem (2006 film)">Requiem</a>, are loosely based on Anneliese's story. The documentary movie Exorcism of Anneliese Michel<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> (in Polish, with English subtitles) features the original audio tapes from the exorcism. The two priests and her parents were convicted of negligent manslaughter for failing to call a medical doctor to address her <a href="Eating_disorder" title="Eating disorder">eating disorder</a> as she died weighing only 68 pounds (31 kg).<a href="#cite_note-Press_courier-78">[78]</a> The case has been labelled a misidentification of mental illness, negligence, abuse, and religious hysteria.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a></li>

<li><a href="Bobby_Jindal" title="Bobby Jindal">Bobby Jindal</a>, former governor of Louisiana, wrote an essay in 1994 about his personal experience of performing an exorcism on an intimate friend named "Susan" while in college.<a href="#cite_note-Bobby_Jindal's_Exorcism_problem-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a></li>

<li><a href="Mother_Teresa" title="Mother Teresa">Mother Teresa</a> allegedly underwent an exorcism late in life under the direction of the Archbishop of Calcutta, Henry D'Souza, after he noticed she seemed to be extremely agitated in her sleep and feared she "might be under the attack of the evil one."<a href="#cite_note-CNNMotherTeresa-82">[82]</a></li>

<li>(2005) <a href="Tanacu_exorcism" title="Tanacu exorcism">Tanacu exorcism</a> is a case in which a mentally ill Romanian nun was killed during an exorcism by priest Daniel Petre Corogeanu. The case inspired motion pictures <a href="Beyond_the_Hills" title="Beyond the Hills">Beyond the Hills</a> and <a href="The_Crucifixion_(film)" title="The Crucifixion (film)">The Crucifixion</a>.</li>

<li>The <a href="Wainuiomata_m%C4%81kutu_lifting" class="mw-redirect" title="Wainuiomata mākutu lifting">October 2007 mākutu lifting</a> (ceremonial lifting of a sorcery or witchcraft curse) in the <a href="Wellington" title="Wellington">Wellington</a>, New Zealand, suburb of <a href="Wainuiomata" title="Wainuiomata">Wainuiomata</a> led to a death by drowning of a woman and the hospitalization of a teen. Five family members were convicted and sentenced to non-custodial sentences.<a href="#cite_note-Stuff.co.nz_2497284-83">[83]</a></li></ul>

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<ul><li><a href="Banishing" title="Banishing">Banishing</a></li>

<li><a href="Deal_with_the_Devil" title="Deal with the Devil">Deal with the Devil</a></li>

<li><a href="Demonology" title="Demonology">Demonology</a></li>

<li><a href="Demon_hunter" title="Demon hunter">Demon hunter</a></li>

<li><a href="Gay_exorcism" title="Gay exorcism">Gay exorcism</a></li>

<li><a href="International_Association_of_Exorcists" title="International Association of Exorcists">International Association of Exorcists</a></li>

<li><a href="Kecak" title="Kecak">Kecak</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_exorcists" title="List of exorcists">List of exorcists</a></li>

<li><a href="Of_Exorcisms_and_Certain_Supplications" title="Of Exorcisms and Certain Supplications">Of Exorcisms and Certain Supplications</a></li>

<li><a href="Obsession_(Spiritism)" title="Obsession (Spiritism)">Obsession (Spiritism)</a></li>

<li><a href="Phurba" title="Phurba">Phurba</a></li>

<li><a href="Spiritual_warfare" title="Spiritual warfare">Spiritual warfare</a></li>

<li><a href="Yaktovil" title="Yaktovil">Yaktovil</a></li>

<li><a href="Yoruba_religion" title="Yoruba religion">Yoruba religion</a></li></ul></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFJacobs1999" class="citation book cs1">Jacobs, Louis (1999). "Exorcism". A Concise Companion to the Jewish Religion. <a href="Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facref%2F9780192800886.001.0001">10.1093/acref/9780192800886.001.0001</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780192800886</bdi>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFRoyal2012" class="citation journal cs1">Royal, Kenneth (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/48376657">"Investigating the Practice of Christian Exorcism and the Methods Used to Cast out Demons"</a>. The Journal of Christian Ministry – via <a href="Academia.edu" title="Academia.edu">Academia.edu</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Martin1976-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Martin1976_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Martin1976_3-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFMartin1976" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Malachi_Martin" title="Malachi Martin">Martin, Malachi</a> (1976). Hostage to the Devil: The Possession and Exorcism of Five Contemporary Americans. San Francisco: <a href="HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-06-065337-X</bdi>.</cite>

</li>

<cite id="CITEREFLibreria_Editrice_VaticanaPope_John_Paul_II2000" class="citation cs2">Libreria Editrice Vaticana; Pope John Paul II, eds. (28 April 2000), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P58.HTM">"Sacramentals"</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/catechismofcatho2000cath/page/928">Catechism of the Catholic Church</a> (2ND ed.), Citta del Vaticano: United States Conference of Catholic Bishops, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/catechismofcatho2000cath/page/928">928</a>, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-57455-110-5</bdi>, retrieved 15 February 2012</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-ireland-5"><a href="#cite_ref-ireland_5-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFCarroll2022" class="citation news cs1">Carroll, Rory (9 June 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jun/09/irish-exorcist-extra-help-people-oppressed-by-evil-spirits">"Irish exorcist calls for extra help for people oppressed by evil spirits"</a>. <a href="The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170816205635/http://www.ewtn.com/library/prayer/roman2.txt">"The Roman ritual"</a>. www.ewtn.com. Translated by Weller, Philip T. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ewtn.com/library/prayer/roman2.txt">the original</a> on 16 August 2017. Retrieved 3 November 2017.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130929170658/http://liturgia.it/ritrom.pdf">"Rituale Romanum"</a> (PDF). www.liturgia.it. 10 June 1925. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.liturgia.it/ritrom.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 29 September 2013. Retrieved 2 December 2013.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-TheRite-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TheRite_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TheRite_8-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFBaglio2010" class="citation book cs1">Baglio, Matt (2010). The Rite: the Making of a Modern Exorcist (1st Image ed.). New York: <a href="Doubleday_(publisher)" title="Doubleday (publisher)">Doubleday</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-385-52271-7</bdi>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usccb.org/prayer-and-worship/sacraments-and-sacramentals/sacramentals-blessings/exorcism">"Exorcism | USCCB"</a>. www.usccb.org. Retrieved 26 August 2023.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFAmorth1999" class="citation book cs1">Amorth, Gabriele (1999). An Exorcist Tells His Story. San Francisco: Ignatius Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-898-70710-6</bdi>. <q>Anthropological date collected by Mohr and Royal (2012), in which they surveyed nearly 200 Protestant Christian exorcists, revealed stark contrasts to traditional Catholic practices.</q></cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFYoung2016" class="citation book cs1">Young, Francis (2016). "7 Exorcism in an Age of Doubt: The Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries". A History of Exorcism in Catholic Christianity. Palgrave Historical Studies in Witchcraft and Magic (1st ed.). Cham: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 188–191. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-3-319-29112-3</bdi>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/948778692">948778692</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFLongenecker2016" class="citation web cs1">Longenecker, Dwight (6 October 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cruxnow.com/commentary/2016/10/rosary-key-weapon-fight-satan">"How the Rosary is a key weapon in the fight against Satan"</a>. <a href="Cruxnow.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Cruxnow.com">cruxnow.com</a>. Retrieved 31 July 2023.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Milosevic-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Milosevic_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Milosevic_13-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFMilosevic2011" class="citation web cs1">Milosevic, Sasa (17 August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffpost.com/entry/secrets-of-orthodox-exorcists_b_925883">"The Secrets Of Orthodox Exorcists"</a>. <a href="HuffPost" title="HuffPost">HuffPost</a>. Retrieved 19 September 2021.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> Matt.10:8; Luke 10:17–20.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-:2-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_15-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_15-2">c</a> <cite id="CITEREFPapademetriou" class="citation web cs1">Papademetriou, George C. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.goarch.org/-/exorcism-in-the-orthodox-church">"Exorcism in the Orthodox Church – Theology – Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America"</a>. <a href="Greek_Orthodox_Archdiocese_of_America" title="Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America">Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America</a>. Retrieved 19 September 2021.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> Library of the Greek Fathers and Church Writers, Athens: Apostolike Diakonia 1955, Vol. 3, pp. 288–289)

</li>

<li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> Archbishop Iakovos, Exorcism and Exorcists in the Greek Orthodox Tradition, Sage Chapel, Cornell University, March 10, 1974.

</li>

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<li id="cite_note-doi.apa.org-60">^ <a href="#cite_ref-doi.apa.org_60-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-doi.apa.org_60-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFExlinePargamentWiltHarriott2021" class="citation journal cs1">Exline, Julie J.; Pargament, Kenneth I.; Wilt, Joshua A.; Harriott, Valencia A. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://doi.apa.org/getdoi.cfm?doi=10.1037/scp0000268">"Mental illness, normal psychological processes, or attacks by the devil? Three lenses to frame demonic struggles in therapy"</a>. Spirituality in Clinical Practice. 8 (3): 215–228. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2Fscp0000268">10.1037/scp0000268</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2326-4519">2326-4519</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:237853652">237853652</a> – via APA.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Sharabi_182–195-61">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sharabi_182–195_61-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sharabi_182–195_61-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFSharabi2021" class="citation journal cs1">Sharabi, Asaf (17 February 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/01459740.2020.1807540">"The Politics of Madness and Spirit Possession in Northern India"</a>. Medical Anthropology. 40 (2): 182–195. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01459740.2020.1807540">10.1080/01459740.2020.1807540</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0145-9740">0145-9740</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32866040">32866040</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:221404656">221404656</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFHalliburton2005" class="citation journal cs1">Halliburton, Murphy (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01459740590933849">""Just Some Spirits": The Erosion of Spirit Possession and the Rise of "Tension" in South India"</a>. Medical Anthropology. 24 (2): 111–144. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01459740590933849">10.1080/01459740590933849</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0145-9740">0145-9740</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16019568">16019568</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:40861711">40861711</a> – via Taylor & Francis.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFLevi-Strauss1963" class="citation book cs1">Levi-Strauss, Claude (1963). Structural Anthropology. New York: Basic Books. pp. 193–211. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0786724439</bdi>.</cite> <code class="cs1-code">{{cite book}}</code>: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)

</li>

<li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFJoralemon2017" class="citation book cs1">Joralemon, Donald (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9781315470610/exploring-medical-anthropology-donald-joralemon">Exploring Medical Anthropology</a> (4th ed.). London: Routledge. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781315470610">10.4324/9781315470610</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-315-47061-0</bdi>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-Calmet2021-65">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Calmet2021_65-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Calmet2021_65-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFCalmet2021" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Augustin_Calmet" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustin Calmet">Calmet, Augustin</a> (2021). Treatise on the Apparitions of Spirits and on Vampires or Revenants: of Hungary, Moravia, et al. Esoterica Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-952658-03-7</bdi>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFHarris2013" class="citation book cs1">Harris, Tessa (24 December 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3gxQAgAAQBAJ&q=George+Lukins+exorcism+1778&pg=PA349">The Devil's Breath</a>. <a href="Kensington_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Kensington Books">Kensington Books</a>. p. 349. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780758267009</bdi>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210703040516/https://books.google.com/books?id=3gxQAgAAQBAJ&q=George+Lukins+exorcism+1778&pg=PA349">Archived</a> from the original on 3 July 2021. Retrieved 17 October 2020.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090826042128/http://davidkeames.googlepages.com/blumhardt'sbattle">"Blumhardt's Battle: A Conflict With Satan"</a>. Thomas E. Lowe, LTD. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://davidkeames.googlepages.com/blumhardt%27sbattle">the original</a> on 26 August 2009. Retrieved 23 September 2009.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFZuendel" class="citation book cs1">Zuendel, Friedrich. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.plough.com/ebooks/pdfs/Awakening.pdf">The Awakening: One Man's Battle With Darkness</a> (PDF). The Plough. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101010145407/http://www.plough.com/ebooks/pdfs/Awakening.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 10 October 2010. Retrieved 23 September 2009.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFRosemary_Guiley2009" class="citation book cs1">Rosemary Guiley (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NHosWhaeWDQC&q=Clara+Germana+Cele+exorcism+1906&pg=PA12">The Encyclopedia of Demons and Demonology</a>. Infobase Publishing. p. 12. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9781438131917</bdi>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210702234544/https://books.google.com/books?id=NHosWhaeWDQC&q=Clara+Germana+Cele+exorcism+1906&pg=PA12">Archived</a> from the original on 2 July 2021. Retrieved 17 October 2020.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cathnews.com/news/510/72.php">Dali's gift to exorcist uncovered</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071011193554/http://cathnews.com/news/510/72.php">Archived</a> 11 October 2007 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Catholic News 14 October 2005.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-John_Spencer,_Anne_Spencer-71"><a href="#cite_ref-John_Spencer,_Anne_Spencer_71-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9x_o_go-nM8C&q=Luther+Miles+Schulze">Powers of the mind</a>. TV Books. May 1999. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-57500-028-2</bdi>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210704221046/https://books.google.com/books?id=9x_o_go-nM8C&q=Luther+Miles+Schulze">Archived</a> from the original on 4 July 2021. Retrieved 31 December 2007. <q>The Reverend Luther Miles Schulze, was called in to help and took Mannheim to his home where he could study the phenomenon at close range;</q></cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Dr._Mehra_Shrikhande-72"><a href="#cite_ref-Dr._Mehra_Shrikhande_72-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SpeXY898fkYC&q=Luther+Miles+Schulze&pg=PA129">Paranormal Experiences</a>. Unicorn Books. 8 June 2009. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-81-7806-166-5</bdi>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210704221053/https://books.google.com/books?id=SpeXY898fkYC&q=Luther+Miles+Schulze&pg=PA129">Archived</a> from the original on 4 July 2021. Retrieved 31 December 2007. <q>A thirteen-year-old American boy named, Robert Mannheim, started using an...The Reverend Luther Miles Schulze, who was called to look into the matter,...</q></cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Emissary-73"><a href="#cite_ref-Emissary_73-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q469xc7mbksC&q=Walter+Halloran+exorcism+ouija&pg=PA69">A Faraway Ancient Country</a>. <a href="Lulu_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lulu (company)">Lulu</a>. 2007. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-615-15801-3</bdi>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210704221047/https://www.google.com/books/edition/A_Faraway_Ancient_Country/q469xc7mbksC?gbpv=1&bsq=Walter+Halloran+exorcism+ouija&pg=PA69&printsec=frontcover">Archived</a> from the original on 4 July 2021. Retrieved 27 March 2010.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFGarrison" class="citation web cs1">Garrison, Chad. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.riverfronttimes.com/stlouis/hell-of-a-house/Content?oid=2491650">"Hell of a House"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210704221048/https://www.riverfronttimes.com/stlouis/hell-of-a-house/Content?oid=2491650">Archived</a> from the original on 4 July 2021. Retrieved 18 July 2016.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.strangemag.com/exorcistpage1.html">"Part I – The Haunted Boy: the Inspiration for the Exorcist"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181003052203/http://www.strangemag.com/exorcistpage1.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 October 2018. Retrieved 10 January 2008.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFBill_Ellis" class="citation book cs1">Bill Ellis. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oLcqlypMCe8C&q=Michael+Taylor+1974+exorcism&pg=PA97">Raising the Devil: Satanism, New Religions, and the Media</a>. University Press of Kentucky. p. 97. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0813126821</bdi>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210704221048/https://books.google.com/books?id=oLcqlypMCe8C&q=Michael+Taylor+1974+exorcism&pg=PA97">Archived</a> from the original on 4 July 2021. Retrieved 17 October 2020.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y0AAll">their (jinn) activities take place at night and come to an end with the first cock-crow or the first call to morning prayer.k-3wS7cQ Video</a> on <a href="YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Press_courier-78"><a href="#cite_ref-Press_courier_78-0">^</a> <cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=AcJdAAAAIBAJ&pg=5443%2C5231320">"Bizarre exorcism draws suspended prison terms"</a>. The Press-Courier. 22 April 1978. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210704221049/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=AcJdAAAAIBAJ&pg=5443%2C5231320">Archived</a> from the original on 4 July 2021. Retrieved 26 June 2013.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> Duffey, John M. (2011). Lessons Learned: The Anneliese Michel Exorcism. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-60899-664-3</bdi>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Bobby_Jindal's_Exorcism_problem-80"><a href="#cite_ref-Bobby_Jindal's_Exorcism_problem_80-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFMurphy2012" class="citation web cs1">Murphy, Tim (17 May 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.motherjones.com/mojo/2012/05/bobby-jindal-exorcised-his-college-girlfriend">"FLASHBACK: Bobby Jindal's Exorcism Problem"</a>. <a href="Mother_Jones_(magazine)" title="Mother Jones (magazine)">Mother Jones</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210704221049/https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2012/05/bobby-jindal-exorcised-his-college-girlfriend/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 July 2021. Retrieved 9 July 2018.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www1.cbn.com/thebrodyfile/archive/2009/02/24/bobby-jindals-story-about-demons-and-spiritual-warfare">"Bobby Jindal's Story about Demons and Spiritual Warfare"</a>. CBN News. 24 February 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201001213004/https://www1.cbn.com/thebrodyfile/archive/2009/02/24/bobby-jindals-story-about-demons-and-spiritual-warfare">Archived</a> from the original on 1 October 2020. Retrieved 23 September 2020.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-CNNMotherTeresa-82"><a href="#cite_ref-CNNMotherTeresa_82-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFBindra2001" class="citation web cs1">Bindra, Satinder (7 September 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050917210156/http://archives.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/asiapcf/south/09/04/mother.theresa.exorcism/">"Archbishop: Mother Teresa underwent exorcism"</a>. <a href="CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/asiapcf/south/09/04/mother.theresa.exorcism/">the original</a> on 17 September 2005. Retrieved 12 December 2014.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Stuff.co.nz_2497284-83"><a href="#cite_ref-Stuff.co.nz_2497284_83-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stuff.co.nz/dominion-post/wellington/2497284/Deadly-curse-verdict-five-found-guilty">"Deadly curse verdict: five found guilty"</a>. <a href="The_Dominion_Post_(Wellington)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Dominion Post (Wellington)">The Dominion Post</a>. 13 June 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101204134804/http://www.stuff.co.nz/dominion-post/wellington/2497284/Deadly-curse-verdict-five-found-guilty">Archived</a> from the original on 4 December 2010. Retrieved 30 September 2011.</cite>

</li>

</ol></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFCuneo2001" class="citation book cs1">Cuneo, Michael W. (2001). <a href="American_Exorcism" title="American Exorcism">American Exorcism: Expelling Demons in the Land of Plenty</a>. Doubleday. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-385-50176-5</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFJindal1994" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="Bobby_Jindal" title="Bobby Jindal">Jindal, Bobby</a> (December 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061213075345/http://images.dailykos.com/images/jindal.pdf">"Physical Dimensions of Spiritual Warfare"</a> (PDF). New Oxford Review. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://images.dailykos.com/images/jindal.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 13 December 2006.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFKielyMcKenna2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="David_M._Kiely" title="David M. Kiely">Kiely, David M.</a>; <a href="Christina_McKenna" title="Christina McKenna">McKenna, Christina</a> (2007). The Dark Sacrament: True Stories of Modern-Day Demon Possession and Exorcism. HarperOne. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-06-123816-1</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFMcCarthy2010" class="citation book cs1">McCarthy, Josephine (2010). The Exorcists Handbook. Golem Media Publishers. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-933993-91-1</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFMenghiPaxia2002" class="citation book cs1">Menghi, Girolamo; Paxia, Gaetano (2002). The Devil's Scourge: Exorcism during the Italian Renaissance. Weiser Books.</cite> <a href="#cite_note-84">[1]</a></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFPapademetriou1990" class="citation web cs1">Papademetriou, George C. (3 September 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.goarch.org/-/exorcism-in-the-orthodox-church">"Exorcism in the Orthodox Church"</a>. Greek Orthodox Diocese in America. Retrieved 5 March 2024.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFPeck2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="M._Scott_Peck" title="M. Scott Peck">Peck, M. Scott</a> (2005). Glimpses of the Devil: A Psychiatrist's Personal Accounts of Possession, Exorcism, and Redemption. Free Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-7432-5467-0</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFRadford2013" class="citation web cs1"><a href="Benjamin_Radford" title="Benjamin Radford">Radford, Benjamin</a> (7 March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.livescience.com/27727-exorcism-facts-and-fiction.html">"Exorcism: Facts and Fiction About Demonic Possession"</a>. Livescience. Retrieved 5 March 2024.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFSmith2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Frederick_M._Smith" title="Frederick M. Smith">Smith, Frederick M.</a> (2006). The Self Possessed: Deity and Spirit Possession in South Asian Literature and Civilization. New York: Columbia University Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-231-13748-6</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFTajima-Pozo2011" class="citation journal cs1">Tajima-Pozo, Kazuhiro; et al. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3062860">"Practicing exorcism in schizophrenia"</a>. BMJ Case Reports. 2011: bcr1020092350. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbcr.10.2009.2350">10.1136/bcr.10.2009.2350</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3062860">3062860</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22707465">22707465</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFTrethowan1976" class="citation journal cs1">Trethowan, William (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2495148">"Exorcism: A Psychiatric Viewpoint"</a>. Journal of Medical Ethics. 2 (3): 127–37. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2495148">2495148</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/966260">966260</a>.</cite></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Exorcism" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Exorcism">Exorcism</a>.</div></div>

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<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070108032631/http://www.cofe-worcester.org.uk/work_of_the_diocese/chaplaincy_deliverance.php">Ministry of Deliverance</a> at <a href="Anglican_Diocese_of_Worcester" title="Anglican Diocese of Worcester">Anglican Diocese of Worcester</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catholicdoors.com/prayers/latin/latin040.htm">RITUS EXORCIZANDI OBSESSOS A DÆMONIO</a> – The Catholic Rite of Exorcism in Latin</li></ul>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Modern_spirituality183" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Modern_spirituality183" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Spirituality" title="Spirituality">Modern spirituality</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><a href="Spirituality" title="Spirituality">Spirituality</a></li>

<li><a href="Outline_of_spirituality" title="Outline of spirituality">Outline of spirituality</a></li>

<li>Category:Spirituality</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Afterlife" title="Afterlife">Afterlife</a></li>

<li><a href="Akashic_records" title="Akashic records">Akashic records</a></li>

<li><a href="%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">Ātman</a></li>

<li><a href="Great_Awakening" title="Great Awakening">Awakening</a></li>

<li><a href="Bodhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bodhi">Bodhi</a></li>

<li><a href="Chakra" title="Chakra">Chakra</a></li>

<li><a href="Consciousness" title="Consciousness">Consciousness</a></li>

<li><a href="Cosmogony" title="Cosmogony">Cosmogony</a></li>

<li><a href="Cosmology" title="Cosmology">Cosmology</a></li>

<li><a href="Creation_myth" title="Creation myth">Creation myths</a></li>

<li><a href="Deity" title="Deity">Deity</a></li>

<li><a href="Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li>

<li><a href="Emanationism" title="Emanationism">Emanationism</a></li>

<li><a href="Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">Enlightenment</a></li>

<li><a href="Spiritual_evolution" title="Spiritual evolution">Epigenesis</a></li>

<li><a href="Eschatology" title="Eschatology">Eschatology</a></li>

<li><a href="Eternal_return" title="Eternal return">Eternal return</a></li>

<li><a href="Eternity" title="Eternity">Eternity</a></li>

<li><a href="Golden_Rule" title="Golden Rule">Ethic of reciprocity</a></li>

<li><a href="Existence" title="Existence">Existence</a></li>

<li><a href="Inner_peace" title="Inner peace">Inner peace</a></li>

<li><a href="Involution_(esotericism)" title="Involution (esotericism)">Involution</a></li>

<li><a href="Jihad" title="Jihad">Jihad</a></li>

<li><a href="Karma" title="Karma">Karma</a></li>

<li><a href="Kevala_jnana" title="Kevala jnana">Kevala jnana</a></li>

<li><a href="Lataif-e-Sitta" title="Lataif-e-Sitta">Lataif-e-Sitta</a></li>

<li><a href="Meaning_of_life" title="Meaning of life">Meaning of life</a></li>

<li><a href="Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></li>

<li><a href="Moksha" title="Moksha">Moksha</a></li>

<li><a href="Nature" title="Nature">Nature</a></li>

<li><a href="Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvana</a></li>

<li><a href="Paranormal" title="Paranormal">Paranormal</a></li>

<li><a href="Parapsychology" title="Parapsychology">Parapsychology</a></li>

<li><a href="Plane_(esotericism)" title="Plane (esotericism)">Planes of existence</a></li>

<li><a href="Prophecy" title="Prophecy">Prophecy</a></li>

<li><a href="Reality" title="Reality">Reality</a></li>

<li><a href="Reincarnation" title="Reincarnation">Reincarnation</a></li>

<li><a href="Revelation" title="Revelation">Revelation</a></li>

<li><a href="Salvation" title="Salvation">Salvation</a></li>

<li><a href="Samadhi" title="Samadhi">Samadhi</a></li>

<li><a href="Satguru" title="Satguru">Satguru</a></li>

<li><a href="Satori" title="Satori">Satori</a></li>

<li><a href="Shabda" title="Shabda">Shabda</a></li>

<li><a href="%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">Śūnyatā</a></li>

<li><a href="Vitalism" title="Vitalism">Spirit</a></li>

<li><a href="Spiritual_evolution" title="Spiritual evolution">Spiritual evolution</a></li>

<li><a href="Spirit_possession" title="Spirit possession">Spiritual possession</a></li>

<li><a href="Supernatural" title="Supernatural">Supernatural</a></li>

<li><a href="Synchronicity" title="Synchronicity">Synchronicity</a></li>

<li><a href="Tattva" title="Tattva">Tattvas</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Spiritual_practice" title="Spiritual practice">Practices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li>

<li><a href="Aikido" title="Aikido">Aikido</a></li>

<li><a href="Altruism" title="Altruism">Altruism</a></li>

<li><a href="Veneration_of_the_dead" title="Veneration of the dead">Ancestor worship</a></li>

<li><a href="Asceticism" title="Asceticism">Asceticism</a></li>

<li><a href="Astrology" title="Astrology">Astrology</a></li>

<li><a href="Testimony" title="Testimony">Bearing testimony</a></li>

<li><a href="Born_again" title="Born again">Being born again</a></li>

<li><a href="Bhajan" title="Bhajan">Bhajan</a></li>

<li><a href="Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a></li>

<li><a href="Blessing" title="Blessing">Blessing</a></li>

<li><a href="Celibacy" title="Celibacy">Celibacy</a></li>

<li><a href="Channelling_(mediumistic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Channelling (mediumistic)">Channelling</a></li>

<li><a href="Chant" title="Chant">Chanting</a></li>

<li><a href="Contemplation" title="Contemplation">Contemplation</a></li>

<li><a href="Dhikr" title="Dhikr">Dhikr</a></li>

<li><a href="Divine_embodiment" title="Divine embodiment">Embodiment</a></li>

<li><a href="Entheogen" title="Entheogen">Entheogen</a></li>

<li><a href="Faith_healing" title="Faith healing">Faith healing</a></li>

<li><a href="Fasting" title="Fasting">Fasting</a></li>

<li><a href="Speaking_in_tongues" title="Speaking in tongues">Glossolalia</a></li>

<li><a href="Iconolatry" title="Iconolatry">Iconolatry</a></li>

<li><a href="Kinomichi" title="Kinomichi">Kinomichi</a></li>

<li><a href="Koan" title="Koan">Koan practice</a></li>

<li><a href="Ceremonial_magic" title="Ceremonial magic">Magick</a></li>

<li><a href="Mantra" title="Mantra">Mantra</a></li>

<li><a href="Meditation" title="Meditation">Meditation</a></li>

<li><a href="Martyr" title="Martyr">Martyrdom</a></li>

<li><a href="Minister_(Christianity)" title="Minister (Christianity)">Ministering</a></li>

<li><a href="Miracle" title="Miracle">Miracles</a></li>

<li><a href="Monasticism" title="Monasticism">Monasticism</a></li>

<li><a href="Muraqabah" title="Muraqabah">Muraqabah</a></li>

<li><a href="Nonresistance" title="Nonresistance">Nonresistance</a></li>

<li><a href="Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">Nonviolence</a></li>

<li><a href="Pacifism" title="Pacifism">Pacifism</a></li>

<li><a href="Pilgrimage" title="Pilgrimage">Pilgrimage</a></li>

<li><a href="Prayer" title="Prayer">Prayer</a></li>

<li><a href="Qawwali" title="Qawwali">Qawwali</a></li>

<li><a href="Qigong" title="Qigong">Qigong</a></li>

<li><a href="Religious_ecstasy" title="Religious ecstasy">Religious ecstasy</a></li>

<li><a href="Religious_music" title="Religious music">Religious music</a></li>

<li><a href="Repentance" title="Repentance">Repentance</a></li>

<li><a href="Christian_revival" title="Christian revival">Revivalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Ritual" title="Ritual">Ritual</a></li>

<li><a href="Sacrament" title="Sacrament">Sacrament</a></li>

<li><a href="Sacrifice" title="Sacrifice">Sacrifice</a></li>

<li><a href="S%C4%81dhan%C4%81" title="Sādhanā">Sādhanā</a></li>

<li><a href="Sahaj_Marg" title="Sahaj Marg">Sahaj Marg</a></li>

<li><a href="Saint" title="Saint">Sainthood</a></li>

<li><a href="Self-realization" title="Self-realization">Self-realization</a></li>

<li><a href="Shamanism" title="Shamanism">Shamanism</a></li>

<li><a href="Simple_living" title="Simple living">Simple living</a></li>

<li><a href="Simran" title="Simran">Simran</a></li>

<li><a href="Supplication" title="Supplication">Supplication</a></li>

<li><a href="Sufi_whirling" title="Sufi whirling">Sufi whirling</a></li>

<li><a href="Theophany" title="Theophany">Theophany</a></li>

<li><a href="Divinization_(Christian)" title="Divinization (Christian)">Theosis</a></li>

<li><a href="Tithe" title="Tithe">Tithing</a></li>

<li><a href="Vegetarianism" title="Vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></li>

<li><a href="Veneration" title="Veneration">Veneration</a></li>

<li><a href="Samatha-vipassan%C4%81" title="Samatha-vipassanā">Vipassanā</a></li>

<li><a href="Vestment" title="Vestment">Wearing vestments</a></li>

<li><a href="Worship" title="Worship">Worship</a></li>

<li><a href="Zazen" title="Zazen">Zazen</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Belief systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a></li>

<li><a href="Anthroposophy" title="Anthroposophy">Anthroposophy</a></li>

<li><a href="Darshan_(Indian_religions)" title="Darshan (Indian religions)">Darshana</a></li>

<li><a href="Deism" title="Deism">Deism</a></li>

<li><a href="Eutheism%2C_dystheism%2C_and_maltheism" class="mw-redirect" title="Eutheism, dystheism, and maltheism">Eutheism, dystheism, and maltheism</a></li>

<li><a href="Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li>

<li><a href="Henotheism" title="Henotheism">Henotheism</a></li>

<li><a href="Hermeticism" title="Hermeticism">Hermeticism</a></li>

<li><a href="Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a></li>

<li><a href="Kathenotheism" title="Kathenotheism">Kathenotheism</a></li>

<li><a href="Martinism" title="Martinism">Martinism</a></li>

<li><a href="Modern_paganism" title="Modern paganism">Modern paganism</a></li>

<li><a href="Monotheism" title="Monotheism">Monotheism</a></li>

<li><a href="Monolatry" title="Monolatry">Monolatry</a></li>

<li><a href="Mysticism" title="Mysticism">Mysticism</a></li>

<li><a href="Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonism</a></li>

<li><a href="Nondualism" title="Nondualism">Nondualism</a></li>

<li><a href="Pandeism" title="Pandeism">Pandeism</a></li>

<li><a href="Panentheism" title="Panentheism">Panentheism</a></li>

<li><a href="Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li>

<li><a href="Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheism</a></li>

<li><a href="Religion" title="Religion">Religion</a></li>

<li><a href="Rosicrucianism" title="Rosicrucianism">Rosicrucianism</a></li>

<li><a href="Spiritualism_(beliefs)" title="Spiritualism (beliefs)">Spiritualism</a></li>

<li><a href="Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a></li>

<li><a href="Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a></li>

<li><a href="Theism" title="Theism">Theism</a></li>

<li><a href="Thelema" title="Thelema">Thelema</a></li>

<li><a href="Theosophy" title="Theosophy">Theosophy</a></li>

<li><a href="Transcendentalism" title="Transcendentalism">Transcendentalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Texts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="A_Course_in_Miracles" title="A Course in Miracles">A Course in Miracles</a></li>

<li><a href="Akilathirattu_Ammanai" title="Akilathirattu Ammanai">Akilathirattu Ammanai</a></li>

<li><a href="Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a></li>

<li><a href="Book_of_Mormon" title="Book of Mormon">Book of Mormon</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Cloud_of_Unknowing" title="The Cloud of Unknowing">The Cloud of Unknowing</a></li>

<li><a href="Dhammapada" title="Dhammapada">Dhammapada</a></li>

<li><a href="Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Hindu scripture</a></li>

<li><a href="Guru_Granth_Sahib" title="Guru Granth Sahib">Guru Granth Sahib</a></li>

<li><a href="I_Ching" title="I Ching">I Ching</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Book_of_the_Law" title="The Book of the Law">Liber AL vel Legis</a></li>

<li><a href="Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a></li>

<li><a href="Sufism#Literature" title="Sufism">Sufi texts</a></li>

<li><a href="Tao_Te_Ching" title="Tao Te Ching">Tao Te Ching</a></li>

<li><a href="Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Urantia_Book" title="The Urantia Book">The Urantia Book</a></li>

<li><a href="Zhuangzi_(book)" title="Zhuangzi (book)">Zhuangzi</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Virtue" title="Virtue">Virtues</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Awareness" title="Awareness">Awareness</a></li>

<li><a href="Charity_(Christian_virtue)" title="Charity (Christian virtue)">Charity</a></li>

<li><a href="Compassion" title="Compassion">Compassion</a></li>

<li><a href="Empathy" title="Empathy">Empathy</a></li>

<li><a href="Faith" title="Faith">Faith</a></li>

<li><a href="Forgiveness" title="Forgiveness">Forgiveness</a></li>

<li><a href="Gratitude" title="Gratitude">Gratitude</a></li>

<li><a href="Honesty" title="Honesty">Honesty</a></li>

<li><a href="Intuition" title="Intuition">Intuition</a></li>

<li><a href="Kindness" title="Kindness">Kindness</a></li>

<li><a href="Mercy" title="Mercy">Mercy</a></li>

<li><a href="Maitr%C4%AB" title="Maitrī">Mettā</a></li>

<li><a href="Moral_courage" title="Moral courage">Moral courage</a></li>

<li><a href="Patience" title="Patience">Patience</a></li>

<li><a href="Seven_virtues" title="Seven virtues">Seven virtues</a></li>

<li><a href="Wisdom" title="Wisdom">Wisdom</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

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<li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <cite class="citation book cs1">The Devil's Scourge: Exorcism During the Italian Renaissance. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1578632350</bdi>.</cite>

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